Michel Foucault Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Michel Foucault - Research Paper Example What did his work do? It linked philosophy with history by â€Å"encompassing such diverse topics as changing attitudes to insanity in post-Renaissance European society, the development of the prison system within the same society, and the codes of governing sexual practice in class times† (â€Å"Foucault†). Foucault deems it to be vital to outline the methods involved in the utilization of social control in society. Some of his major works include Madness and Civilization, The Order of Things and History of Sexuality (â€Å"Foucault†). Foucault’s multi-volume work entitled History of Sexuality provides an excellent excerpt that portrays Foucault’s vision and ideas. Part One: We â€Å"Other Victorians† is an excellent example of Foucault explaining how self-identity imposed by the dominant social culture affects the individual. Foucault’s exact words are, â€Å"†¦the imperial prude is emblazoned on our restrained, mute, and hypoc ritical sexuality† (Foucault 3). In private, sexuality is an open and cherished part of life. However, in society, it is frowned upon, even considered to be a sin if it is not contained within the boundaries of religion aka; after marriage. Sexual phrases and words have become taboo. Foucault says it used to be that, â€Å"sexual practices had little need of secrecy; words were said without undue reticence, and things were done without too much concealment; one had a tolerant familiarity with the illicit† (Foucault 3). In other words, perhaps sexuality was not a comfortable subject for every one, but when it was brought up in conversation, it was not treated with intense disdain. People tolerated the topic because it is one that is shared by the majority. But according to Foucault, that now has changed. The mention of sexuality in a social setting is socially prohibited. He says it best when he says, â€Å"The conjugal family took custody of it and absorbed it into the serious function of reproduction† (Foucault 3). Not only had the term sexuality become buried into the background, it had taken on a new identity. Foucault challenged the new system. Nothing had physically changed about sexuality including how people identified or used it in the privacy of their own homes. Its social meaning had altered to a state of something done for a ‘higher’ purpose only. There is suddenly no reason to perform the act of intimacy without the intention of making a baby. When sex was brought up in the Victorian period, it was immediately silenced (Foucault 3). Why did this happen? Foucault believed it to stem from the birth of purity. People in the Victorian Age prized the idea of prudency. But prudency, or purity, is considered to be unrelated, and even opposite, of sexuality according to the Puritans of the Victorian period. Sexuality, or sex, is deemed dirty and inappropriate. Especially, in context of desire vs. necessity. What is desire e xactly in terms of sexuality? According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, desire is be defined as â€Å"conscious impulse toward something that promises enjoyment or satisfaction in its attainment; sexual urge or appetite.† But what is so wrong about the enjoyment of sex? A prude, who is considered better than others in Victorian society, would not consider sex enjoyable in social conversation. It is a mere act taken between two married people for the sole purpose of producing children. Purity is defined as â€Å"the quality or state of being pure† (â€Å"Purity†). What is most interesting about the word purity is that

Independent audit and detect fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Independent audit and detect fraud - Essay Example All the financial statements will be made in such a way that no statements will show any kind of inconsistency. In order to avoid frauds in a company, the internal control is of pronounced importance; otherwise no independent auditing firm or company will be able to track the frauds taking place inside any company. The internal control system is designed to keep track of the daily transactions of the company. The internal control systems not only contribute to checking the mathematical accuracy but also play part in rectifying the sources of data i.e. reporting systems (Trenerry, 1999). The audit company and controlling system hierarchical leadership will also ensure that they put absolutely honest and hardworking auditors on the job otherwise many a times it happens that the auditors make internal deals with the employees of the addressed company and all the fraud tracking process comes to no

Cultural Diversity in Engineering

Cultural Diversity in Engineering This paper will look at the importance of cultural diversity within the field of engineering, why its important and what the positive impacts or diversifying your work-place are. Cultural diversity is immensely important within every country throughout the world. Although due to Australia being such a new country, and the history of the country the importance of communicating with Indigenous communities is especially important. Maintaining a strong relationship throughout the consultation and development phase always needs to be of the upmost importance. This obviously extends beyond communicating with the Indigenous communities within Australia and can extend to foreign works or clients. Making sure everything is handled in a culturally respectful way needs to be ensured by any professional engineer; from the first meeting until the last. Due to Australia being such a highly diverse country it will be very common to work in a culturally diverse workplace. This means that within engineering although being aware of cultural differences will not only assist a professional engineer within consultations but within the workplace as well. Different cultural backgrounds and upbringings different problems can be solved in different ways. Whenever looking at Aboriginal culture it is important to note Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are complex and diverse. (Australian Government 2015) Due to this it is very important to understand when going into one community their beliefs, and the way they do things may be completely different. There is no blanket statement when it comes to communicating with Indigenous communities, they all communicate differently with many even speaking different languages. The Australian Government (2014) has stated that over two-hundred and fifty Australian language groups were spoken in 1788, today approximately one-hundred and twenty are still spoken. This is a simple example of how culturally diverse Australia is. 2.1 Communication and protocols Protocols exist as standards of behavior used by people to show respect to one another. (Supporting Carers, 2010) Protocols of Aboriginal communities, much like communication are diverse and extremely important. As every community is unique it is always important to do research and consult with an expert before entering a community and risking disrespecting an elder, or the community. The Indigenous cultures of Australia are the oldest living cultural history in the world they go back at least 50,000 years and some argue closer to 65,000 years (Australian Government 2015) Due to this some communities have extremely strong beliefs, other communities may have contradictory beliefs but it is important to respect both when communicating with them. One of the main differences between not only the Aboriginal communities, but within general Australian culture is eye contact. Although in a general conversation eye contact may be okay, within Aboriginal cultures it has very different meaning. Depending on the community eye contact may be a sign of disrespect, or quite the opposite. Another reason it is important to speak with someone with greater knowledge of the community, or do research. Some general tips to overcome language barriers (Queensland Government, 2015) Avoid using complex words. Explain why you need to ask any questions. Always check you understood the meaning of the words the person has used and vice versa. Use diagrams, models, DVDs and images to explain concepts, instructions and terms. Be cautious using traditional languages unless you have excellent understanding 2.2 Elders/Leaders Elders are generally respected for their cultural knowledge and leadership abilities and for making decisions on behalf of the community (CFCA 2014) It is very important to be extremely respectful when speaking with elders, as they are usually the most respected within the community. Remember they are also generally making the decision on behalf of the community, respecting them will help a lot. It is important to note that the elders are usually a small group, and although elderly members of the community have a lot of respect they are not the ones making the decisions. In the western world diversity, has been shown to improve productivity within some workplaces. This is because people from different backgrounds will generally have different perspectives on solving the same problem, thus meaning finding an effective, safe, sustainable, cheap and respectful product can be achieved in a more efficient manner. Anything developed with or for local indigenous communities are generally affected by several things regarding the community; the needs and culture of the community, how they live and their location. If and only if the engineers understand this completely will the project be able to be completed within a respectful way. 4.1 Consultation It is important to note that the consultation process will also be very different with Aboriginal communities. Depending on the community, how it is set out and the elders of said community every consultation will be different. It will also need to be presented in a different way minimalizing difficult language to avoid any language barriers and using diagrams, tables and/or media wherever possible. One of the main problems that may come up past this phase is due to positioning of a project, it may coincide with one or more of the following: Sacred trees, burial grounds or any places that have spiritual or social significance. It is important to consider these when speaking with the elders. In this section respond to the following: How could culture and diversity affect any engineering solutions you develop for/with local indigenous communities in Australia and the location of the Major EWB Project? Include reference to appropriate engineering solutions in your response to this. HINT:For engineers to develop appropriate engineering solutions for a community they must understand the community, their needs, how they live, their culture, their location etc. By understanding the community, Engineers can develop solutions that are appropriate and will be used. One solution is not appropriate for all. Why it is important that the decisions and recommendations you make in the Major EWB Project and also as a professional engineer clearly uphold the Institute of Engineers Australia Code of Ethics? The conclusion is a summary of important points already raised in the report and how they fit together. Do not introduce new information here. < http://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/indigenous-australian-languages> < http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-indigenous-cultural-heritage> < https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/strengths-australian-aboriginal-cultural-practices-fam/theme-3-elderly-family-members> CFCA < http://www.supportingcarers.snaicc.org.au/connecting-to-culture/cultural-protocols/> < https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0021/151923/communicating.pdf> Please note, this is not 100% complete and Im aware that references are not completed correctly. More references and facts will be included in the final.

Charles Eastman: Bridging the Gap Between Cultures Essay -- Native Am

Charles Eastman made great strides to bridge the gap between the Native Americans and the white man. Born a Santee Sioux, Eastman excelled in his assimilated life, thereby gaining the respect of the white man, which he used to assist the Native American. He was able to give a voice to the culture and its people, which was quickly being silenced by a Eurocentric government. Eastman exemplified the abilities of the Native American through his accomplishments as an author, lecturer, physician, and activist. His capacity to live between two diverse cultures furthered his unprecedented endeavors. Charles Alexander Eastman was born Ohiyesa, a Santee Sioux. He is believed to have been born near Redwood Falls, Minnesota, on February 19, 1858. His paternal grandmother, Uncheedah, was responsible for his upbringing after his mother’s death due to complications during childbirth. Uncheedah presented him with tradition Sioux teachings. Following the Great Sioux Uprising of 1862, Ohiyesa and other Santee Sioux were exiled to Manitoba. In Eastman’s Indian Boyhood, he fondly recalls these times of living freely and peacefully by saying, â€Å"What boy would not be an Indian for a while when he thinks of the freest life in the world?† Ohiyesa’s father, Jacob â€Å"Many Lightnings† Eastman was instrumental in his assimilation into the white man’s culture, beginning with his education. Unlike many other Native American children in boarding schools, Charles learned to read and write in his native language. This progressive program of learning was often criticized because of the fear felt among American settlers after the Great Sioux Uprising. The settlers, as well as the government agencies, sought only acculturation of the Indians into the w... ...dian Quarterly 25, no. 4 (2001): 609-613. Eastman, Charles A, From the Deep Woods to Civilization, (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1977 [1916]) 195. Eastman, Charles A. Indian Boyhood (New York: Dover Publications, (1971 [1902]), 3. Lopenzia, Drew. â€Å"’Good Indian’: Charles Eastman and the Warrior as Civil Servant,† American Indian Quarterly 27, no.  ¾, Special Issue (2003): 729, 739. Murphy, Nora. â€Å"Starting Children on the Path to the Past: American Indians in Children’s Historical Fiction,† Minnesota History 57, no. 6 (2001): 284,286. Patterson, Michelle Wick. â€Å"’Real’ Indian Songs: The Society of American Indians and the Use of Native American Culture as a Means of Reform,† American Indian Quarterly 26, no. 1 (2002): 54-55. Stensland, Anna Lee. â€Å"Indian Boyhood by Charles A. Eastman’† The English Journal 66, no. 3 (1977): 59.

Black Plague of London 1665

The Great Plague in London of 1665 Although people proposed a variety of causes for the great plague in London of 1665, the effects of the plague were certainly catastrophic. Europe experienced many outbreaks of plague prior to the year of 1665. Unfortunately, no one was quite sure what exactly caused the plague, which devastated each person who was affected. The effects of the plague on society wreaked havoc on victims both socially and physically. Consequently, Londoners were forced to try many drastic measures to prevent the spread of disease.Nevertheless, the great plague left the city of London greatly damaged. Even though different causes for the plague were mentioned, the most relevant and logical cause of plague was derived from London’s filthiness. Charles J. Shields writes: Although 17th-century Londoners were familiar with the plague’s symptoms, they had no idea what caused it. One pattern they noted, however, was that it went hand in hand with filthiness. Lo ndon was an ancient human habitation, dating from the days when the Roman army had built its outside walls.Without means to provide sanitation for all its inhabitants, the city evolved into a breeding ground for epidemics. (13) Dirtiness often accompanies congested areas, and London was undoubtedly no exception. According to Britannica, â€Å"the greatest devastation remained in the city’s outskirts, at Stepney, Shoreditch, Clerkenwell, Cripplegate, and Westminster, quarters where the poor were densely crowded† (Britannica 447). In seventeenth-century London, people who lived in poverty were believed to be at a high risk for contagion (Hays 124).Residents of London deposited their rubble outside of their homes so that the rain could wash the trash away (Shields 13-14). Consequently, the filth throughout London’s neighborhoods attracted many rats, which carried plague-ridden fleas (Trueman). Because rats lived near garbage, the rodents also resided closely to hum ans, particularly the poor. Nonetheless, when the rats died, the fleas found new human hosts. When fleas that were infected with the disease broke human skin, the microorganism, Yersinia pestis, attacked the lymphatic system, causing enlargement of lymph glands.Therefore, the protuberances were symptomatic of plague (Appleby 162-163). Meanwhile, many Londoners still believed that there could be another cause for the plague’s recurrence. Some people believed that plague was caused by natural factors, but others believed that plague was obtained through an occult element. The English were led to believe that plague was a â€Å"manifestation of divine providence and power, as a product of an environmental miasma, and as an infectious contagion that moved from one person to another† (Hays 124).Residents of London expected a penalty for their corrupt actions as a result of religious persecution, killing of a king, and the absurdness of government. In 1657, just eight years before the last plague, Clergyman Thomas Reeves handed out flyers warning that plague would be the Londoners’ consequence for immoral conduct (Shields 24-25). In fact, those who believed in supernatural causes of the disease sought counsel from a deity through prayer, omens, and charms (Hays 124). As a result of the plague, the community of London suffered both physically and socially.Immediately upon contracting the infection, one would have an array of flu-like symptoms, such as chills, queasiness, and regurgitation. In addition, sufferers developed signs of apprehensiveness and occasionally derangement (Shields 12). Another symptom of plague was the pungent stench of the victim’s breath. Some people carried flowers with them to act as a perfume to hide the bitter smell (Trueman). Andrew B. Appleby stated that the plague could be in bubonic or pneumonic form. The pneumonic form was transferred through sneezing and coughing around others.The pneumonic plague originate d from the bubonic plague because victims sometimes acquired pneumonia along with the bubonic form. The pneumonic plague was occasional in England. The symptoms included the coughing of blood (163). Furthermore, the affliction took a tremendous toll on the overall health of each victim by causing dark round marks around the groin, armpits, and neck. Also, the petechiae, or black spots, arose in other areas of the body (Hays 124-125). Unfortunately, these blemishes often turned into infected pus-filled welts.The last stage of sufferer’s disease occurred as the boils appeared. Of course death was inevitable, but the longevity of the plague’s victims was a mystery because each person’s reaction to the disease was different. For instance, after developing the ailment, some people would die within hours, and others would live as long as a few days. Entire families were destroyed by this annihilating illness (Shields 12). Equally important, the societal effects of pla gue were immense. In 1665, 68,596 casualties were recorded (Britannica 447).Consequently, the cadavers were covered with shrouds and placed in a mass grave because the sudden rise in deaths caused there to be a greater demand for coffins, yet a shorter supply. Not only did people lose loved ones, but they also had difficulty carrying out traditional funerals because the exposed corpses raised the risk of contagion. Although limiting guests at funerals went against society’s customs, Londoners needed to stay clear of the disease as much as possible (Hays 127). Gathering the dead was a difficult task to complete for the bearers.Bearers had to fetch bodies infested with the deadly plague, along with the bearers of the carts. The dead carts were used mainly for large parishes. The carts would grind while being pushed down the street, and the bearers would ring a bell while continually yelling for residents to release the corpses to the cart. Sadly, family of the dead had to witne ss their loved ones being towed away with the loss of dignity and respect for the deceased (Shields 48). London hired â€Å"nurses†, who lacked proper training and experience, to check on diseased victims. If sufferers could afford sustenance, these â€Å"nurses† would bring them food, too (Trueman).Society suffered through many hard times during the plague’s reign. Because of the plague’s atrocious impact on London, residents decided to take matters into their own hands. Since the plague escalated rapidly, the rich people of London left the city for the safe countryside. The poor had no resources to escape the plague’s wrath. In fact, soldiers were hired by London’s council to supervise the outskirts of the parish where the poor resided. No one was allowed outside the boundaries unless he had a document from his parish leader stating that he could leave (Trueman).On account of all the wealthy that left London to escape disease, the impact m ade by plague was mainly on the destitute (Hays 128). Because the disease was taking hold of the population so quickly, the Lord Chamberlain chose to close down the theatres in London. The roads outside of the city were congested with the traffic of people seeking refuge. The city of London was in complete chaos (Shields 31-32). Realizing that the plague was taking over London, the English government mobilized a new system of methods to battle the disease. When the plague hit, London was still following outdated rules from the plague of 1578.To begin the new set of rules for cleaning London, the government demanded that the garbage on the streets and the obstacles in the ditches were to be removed promptly. On the contrary, authorities believed that smoking tobacco and lighting fires to release smoke was profitable for the environment of the plague. Also, the Privy Council requested the slaying of stray animals, such as dogs and pigs. These animals were thought to carry the plague ( Hays 122-123, 127). In addition to the exile of the wealthy and the rise of cleaning standards, London also attempted to prevent the spread of plague by isolation.Accordingly, any family that had at least one member tainted by the disease was confined to their own home for over a month. As a caution to others, a red cross was painted on the door to display the infection of the family inside the house; however, only â€Å"nurses† were permitted to enter the plagued home (Trueman). Because of the forced seclusion from the outside world, many trapped plague victims rebelled against the authorities. For instance, neighbors helped to release the captive by removing the cross from the door of the victim’s house.The government endorsed severe penalties toward those who disobeyed the rules laid out for them to follow. Inevitably, the policy of solitude for the afflicted came to an end when the amount of homes that needed to be secluded became too great and the people who regul ated the guidelines were at a shortage; however, parishes did try to aid the imprisoned victims by raising taxes to provide food (Hays 125-127). Although isolation seemed like a feasible plan to the English government at the time of the plague’s existence, people naturally rebelled against being held hostage in their own home, even if food was provided for them.In conclusion, the great plague caused a tremendous uproar in the lives of the ones who lived in London in 1665. Even though numerous causes were offered to explain the root of the plague’s frequency, the most reasonable explanation of the disease’s occurrence was through the spread of contagion by fleas. As a result of the affliction of plague, society suffered great damage in a physical and civil aspect. Although no one was sure what caused the plague in London, many measures were taken to help prevent the expansion of the pestilence. After all, the plague of 1665 was the last of the plagues to claim Lo ndon.

Mental Health Parity Act of 1996 Essay

The law allowed an increased cost exemption, which stated that employers that can demonstrate a one percent or more rise in costs due to parity implementation will be allowed to exempt themselves from the law. The Mental Health Parity Act did not include rules for service charges, designations for the number of inpatient hospital days or outpatient visits that must be covered, coverage in connection with Medicare or Medicaid, restrictions on a health insurance plan’s ability to manage care, and coverage for treatment of substance abuse or chemical dependency. I do not think that the Mental Health Parity Act was successful, because there are many people still in this world who don’t have insurance have to pay more than what people with insurance do. Even some people with insurance have to pay a lot out of pocket for services. Even when it was still in act, it only took effect to people with major disabilities. This left most of the population having to pay for many of the services themselves.