Animal Farm, By George Orwell - 2096 Words

Human rights have been at the centre of the free world officially from the beginning of the seventeenth century with the Bill of Rights (1688/1689). They are described as â€Å"moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly protected as legal rights in national and international law† (Nickel, 2010). Basically human rights are entitlements which human beings have, which can help them develop to their full potential. They are also described as ‘The rights that one has simply because one is human.’ However, not all human beings have the privilege of experiencing human rights. Some people have described human rights as a ‘gift of the West to the Rest’. In this essay I will look at both aspects of this theory, to figure out whether human rights really do exist in full flow in the non-Western countries, and whether human rights have been violated in Western countries themselves. In George Orwell’s An imal Farm, the plot of the book is worked around one quote†¦ â€Å"all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.† (Orwell, 1954). I believe that this quote is very relevant to this question. It could imply that the West see themselves as much more equal that the rest of the world and this is why they are giving human rights as a ‘gift’. Human rights have principles in order to ensure that that they are sustainable for all. All human rights must be equal and non-discriminatory, meaning that no one can be denied human rightsShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. Noticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarly criticizedRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Communism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell944 Words   |  4 Pageslegs(Orwell 132). He carried a whip in his trotter(Orwell 133). In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, animals have the ability to talk and form their own ethos, Animalism. Animal Farm is an intriguing allegory by George Orwell, who is also th e author of 1984, includes many enjoyable elements. More knowledge of the author, his use of allegorical elements, themes, symbols, and the significance in the real world, allows the reader to get more out of this glance into the future. George OrwellRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, George Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1538 Words   |  7 PagesMecca Animal Farm The Russian Revolution in 1917 shows how a desperate society can be turned into a military superpower filled with terror and chaos. George Orwell uses his book, Animal Farm, to parallel this period of time in history. This book is an allegory of fascism and communism and the negative outcomes. The animals begin with great unity, working toward a common goal. The government then becomes corrupted by the temptations of power. George Orwell uses the characters in Animal Farm to showRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1175 Words   |  5 PagesAn enthusiastic participant in the Spanish civil war in 1936, George Orwell had a great understanding of the political world and made his strong opinions known through his enlightening literary works, many of which are still read in our modern era. Inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the failed society it resulted in, Animal Farm by George Orwell is an encapsulating tale that epitomises how a free utopian society so idealistic can never be accomplished. The novella exemplifies how influencesRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1089 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigs’ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The firstRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1212 Words   |  5 PagesShe stood there over the dead animals thinking to herself what have we come to? We try to become free but we just enslave ourselves to a so called superior kind. Napoleon killed the animals in front of the whole farm and said that this was to be the punishment for the traitors. Snowball was known as a traitor now and anyone conspiring with him would be killed. Snowball and Napoleon both represent historical characters during the Russian revolution in 1917.Snowball who was one of the smartest pigs

Hiv, The Human Immunodeficiency Virus - 1108 Words

HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, was first discovered by CDC in 1981 [3], then described as HTLV-III in 1983 and was later changed into its current name. Ever since its emergence, this virus has caused millions of infections throughout the world, with most of the cases originating in the African region [1]. This retrovirus has made it difficult in the past for scientists to treat it since it changes its RNA once inside the cell to DNA, through the enzyme reverse transcriptase, and keeps changing its genetic information making it difficult to target a specific genome. The main concern of HIV is the development into AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Disorder, which targets the body’s own T-cells through targeting the CD4 and co-receptors leading to various opportunistic infections and, eventually, death. What does it mean to be HIV positive these days, how do we get it, and does it always lead to mortality? In the past, if someone was diagnosed with the virus, there was a ve ry slight chance that they were going to survive it (There’s a substantial increase in HIV patients being treated compared with the 1990s). However, with the ever-changing science and medical techniques, this is not the case anymore. New drugs are constantly being developed to prevent the progression of the virus to AIDS. These drugs target different steps of its life cycle, depending on the mechanism of the drug. The virus is transmitted sexually (seminal or vaginal fluids), or throughShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1359 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has infected two million adults and children by the year 2005 already. The virus continues to race around the world, and new HIV infections are at 50,000 per year (Martine Peeters, Matthieu Jung, Ahidjo Ayouba) (2013). The final outcome of the HIV infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There are many treatments that have developed to help the large numberRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesHIV has been a pandemic that has affected the world relentlessly for many years in a never-ending circle. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is the virus that is spread through certain bodily fluids and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells, which leaves the person infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases, and other complications.1 Once this virus is acquired, the human can never fully rid itself of thisRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )884 Words   |  4 Pages(2010), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that affects the human immune system, leading to a chronic, progressive sickness that leaves people susceptible to opportunistic infections. When the body no longer can fight or resist infections, the condition i s at this point referred to as AIDS, which means Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Averagely, it has been found to take more than ten years to develop from initial infection of HIV to AIDS. Though simple in description, HIV and AIDSRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )862 Words   |  4 Pagesshown that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of AIDS. More than 33.4 million people worldwide are infected with the HIV virus today. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus. HIV is a virus similar to that of the flu or common cold. The differentiating factor is that with the flu and cold, your body will eventually clear the virus out of your system, but with the HIV virus, the immune system cannot clear it. Getting HIV means you have it for life. The virus immediately beginsRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uses of Blood by the HIV Virus Blood-borne diseases have contributed greatly to poor health outcomes among individuals and communities. Though blood fulfills various functions to ensure our survival, it can also act as the mechanism through which we become diseased. Understanding the characteristics of such infectious diseases is essential to preventing further cases. In this paper I will discuss how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses blood to cause illness within the infected individualRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1261 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become more commonly seen in the world. It is important to show compassion rather than judging that patient based on a virus. The hygienist plays an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or without a compromisingRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is HIV? HIV is a fatal disease which stands for â€Å"Human Immunodeficiency Virus† it is a failure to the immune system to protect the body from any infections. This virus causes a condition called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. When HIV is left untreated it leads to another disease called â€Å"AIDS†. It can occur in any age, race, sex or sexual orientation. The highest risk of contracting HIV is having unprotected sex and sharing needles with others. Another factor are people that have STI’s andRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )980 Words   |  4 Pages The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an immune system disorder that can be contracted through sexual activity as well as other types of contact. (Healthy Living, pg. 79) If left untreated this virus can turn into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is the final stage of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (aids.gov) AIDS is an incurable progressive disease that causes gradual destruction of CD4 T cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (Diseases, pg. 431) A healthyRead MoreHiv, Or Human Immunodeficiency Virus998 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1 HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, attacks the human immune system and greatly weakens the body’s ability to fight foreign invaders and infection. HIV first demanded notice in the early 1980s in the United States in homosexual men displaying illnesses like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The disease was soon observed in IV drug users, hemophiliacs, and blood transfusion recipients, but became publicized as a â€Å"gay disease,† nicknamed by the media as GRID, or Gay-RelatedRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1349 Words   |  6 Pages Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retro virus that causes AIDs by infecting the T Helper cells of the body’s immune system. The AIDS virus is the final stages of the HIV virus. HIV is a lentivirus genus, which is a subgroup of the retrovirus that causes the AIDS virus. Even with proper treatment, an infected person has a life expectancy of less than ten years.As the virus weakens t he human immune systems, this effectleaves the patient compromised and at risk to opportunistic infections

Research in Sustainable Supply Chain Management - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Research in Sustainable Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction: Service offerings define the set of service commitment, which refers to the service offerings level of service in terms of price, availability and scope. Service offerings are derived from the business services, which are customized towards the specific needs of the customers (Sakao, Rnnbck and Sandstrm 2013). While considering the constituents of service offerings of Lufthansa, it can be said that the organization provides all young flights for the safety of the customers. The customers can avail most secure, reliable and highly designed carrier al lowest cost. Furthermore, the organization has also redesigned the economic class of their fleet for provide more convenient seating arrangement to the customers. The attentive care of the cabin crew of Lufthansa is also highly demanding, which makes the service offerings of the organization much more attractive to the customers (Lufthansa.com 2017). Apart from that, the tailored line and support from the experienced technicians also prov ides reliable and comfortable flight journey to the customers. According to Rapaccini (2015), tangible aspect of service indicates the physical products, which the customers can touch and feel before purchasing them. On the other hand, Chou, Chen and Conley (2015) opined that intangible services indicate the service offerings, which the customers cannot touch, but feel before, during and after opting for them. In case of Lufthansa, the organization provides delicious foods and drinks to the customers within the flights during their journey. The seats and cushions of the flight are also highly comfortable to the customers, which are tangible in nature. Furthermore, the newspapers, magazines and storybooks provided to the customers are also tangible in nature. On the other hand, while considering the intangible service offerings of Lufthansa, there are wide varieties of intangible service, which attracts the customers. The young and highly designed fleets are quite impressive to the customers. On the other hand, the attentive care of the talented cabin crew also attract the customers towards repeatedly opting for the service of Lufthansa (Kindstrm and Kowalkowski 2014). Furthermore, attractively designed and comfortable seats of the flights also form the part of intangible aspect of Lufthansa. The main aspect, which distinguishes the service from the physical products, is the physical existence. According to Gummesson (2014), physical products have their real and physical existence, whereas, services do have any physical existence. Moreover, customers can touch and feel the physical products, but they cannot touch the services. While considering the physical products of Lufthansa, it can be seen that the customers can touch the foods and beverages provided to them. However, the customers cannot tough the interior design of the flights or attentive care of the cabin crew, but they can enjoy the service. On the other hand, Kauppinen-Risnen and Grnroos (2015) opined that physical products like foods and cushions and seats can be depreciated, but the services like attentive care of cabin crew cannot be depreciated. Furthermore, the physical products can be liquidated easily, but the service cannot be liquidated easily. Business people always want relaxing journey during their traveling on air. According to Sakao, Rnnbck and Sandstrm (2013), business travelers want convenient and relaxing arrangement of the fleets. Therefore, they always consider convenience criteria before choosing an airline for their business travel. However, Kindstrm and Kowalkowski (2014) opined that business people also provide extreme significance to the economic value of their travelling. Moreover, for business travelers, every business activity must be within the budget of business process. Business travel is also within the activities of business processes. Therefore, the customers always consider price criteria before choosing any aircraft for their business travel. Moreover, the customers mostly want to choose low cost carrier for the purpose of their business travel. Furthermore, Gummesson (2014) opined that the business people often require to be connected with their business clients over the phone even within the flig hts. In such situation, the customers want high performing Wi-Fi within the flights during their business travel. Furthermore, the customers also consider the quality of service and airline safety for enjoying their business travel. While taking into account the relative intangibility of airline services, the airline customers would first consider convenience of the service. Moreover, the customers would consider the quality of service, time schedule and availability of routes of the aircrafts. On other hand, Rapaccini (2015) stated that the customers would also consider the level of care provided by the cabin crew within flights for having relaxing air journey. Apart from that, the decoration within the flights also provides a feeling of sophistication to the customers. Highly attractive inner design of flights always attracts the customers in choosing a particular air carrier. Furthermore, the customers always expect highly relaxing journey on their air journey. Therefore, the customers always consider the amusement services with the flights before choosing any air carrier. Marketing of physical products is aligned with promoting and selling a specific product in a specific market. On the other hand, service marketing refers to the marketing of economic activities of a particular service for adequate consideration (Gummesson 2014). The marketing strategies of physical products can be formed through 4Ps of marketing like product, price, place and promotion. On the other hand, marketing strategies of service must be formed with 7 Ps like product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. The marketing of physical products is always dependent on value of the products. However, the marketing of service is always dependent on both the value of service as well as the relationship of the customers with the service providers. Service providers should adopt 7 Ps marketing strategies for promoting its services in the market. Moreover, the service providers should provide unique service offerings to the customers for creating unique customer value. Furthermore, the service providers should always assess the affordability of the customers to which they provide their service offerings. While considering the case of Lufthansa, it offers unique aircraft service with affordable price for creating competitive advantage in the market (Rapaccini 2015). Moreover, the service providers should select most effective promotional tools for conveying the important service offerings to wide customer groups. Lufthansa uses both digital and social media marketing for promoting its service offerings. Furthermore, the service providers should also crucially select place for easy availability of the services to the customers. The service providers should hire talented staffs and process for providing services to the customers ef fectively. The attentive care of the cabin crew of Lufthansa create a unique competitive advantage for the organization (Kindstrm and Kowalkowski 2014). On the hand, the physical evidence of the service provider should also be attractive to the customers for leading high level of competitive advantage. Case of Dell Corporation One of the most important factors of competitive advantage of Dell is its supply chain management. Dell uses build-to-order-strategy for its inventory management, where every single PC of the organization is associated with every single end user. Moreover, the organization starts for manufacture a PC only after getting an order placed by an end user. In such custom made system, the customers can incorporate their own preferences on their PCs after requesting to the technicians. In this way, such custom made system adds value the customers and assists in gaining competitive advantage over the rivals. Dell operates its supply chain based on non-store based distribution channels. Dell uses direct model in its distribution channels, where Dell model sells its PCs to its customers directly without using retail channels (Dell.com 2017). Moreover, Brandenburg et al. (2014) opined that Dell uses unique supply chain strategy namely build-to-order-strategy. As per this strategy, Dells start to manufacture PCs only after an order placed from a customer. The organization sends the configuration details of the PCs to the manufacturing floor, only after getting the order placed by the customers. After all these, the final assembly of the PC is started. Such supply and distribution channel is extremely important to the customers, as they can get quick response to their demand change. Moreover, every single PC of Dell is associated every single name of customers. In this way, they technicians can easily identify the name and details of the initial requirements of the PCs after a request of chan ging demands in the PCs (Pagell and Shevchenko 2014). It can help the organization towards providing unique value to the customers through customizing and fulfilling their required demands. In store based distribution channels, the inventory stores are wide and the manufactured products are stored until those are sold to the customers. Therefore, in store based distribution channels, organizations have to bear huge expenses in terms of huge inventory cost. On the other hand, in non-store based distribution channels, the products are manufactured only after getting an order placed by the customers (Seuring 2013). Therefore, in non-store based distribution channel, organizations need not to bear huge amount of inventory cost. In this way, non-store based distribution channel reduces overall organizational cost. The sales, manufacturing and distribution model of Dell provides maximum possible number of variables under its control. Moreover, the model controls the inventory operation having huge control on it by reducing overall inventory cost. Apart from that, the direct manufacturing and sales option has built direct interaction with the customers, which has ultimately enhanced the satisfaction level of the customers (Beske and Seuring 2014). The constant flow of communication with the customers meets their customized needs, which has built high level of competitive advantage for Dell. Moreover, Dell has been in a position to grow during the recent economic downturn. In sales, manufacturing and distribution model of Dell, the organization may not have ready supply of inventory to sell. It eliminates the chance for the customers to go to the store and buy stored products in the inventory (Brandenburg et al. 2014). Therefore, it decreases the overall profitability of the organization. The build-to-order strategy takes longer hours for fulfilling the customers orders. Therefore, it increases the waiting time of the customers. The direct sales strategy can provide sustained competitive advantage to Dell through direct communication with the customers. Moreover, the organization can also incorporate customized value to their PCs through direct communication with the customers. Such unique and customized value can add to the sustained competitive edge of Dell. On the other hand, build-to-order strategy reduces overall organizational cost of Dell for which it can offer low price for their PCs for gaining competitive advantage an increasingly competitive and mature market place (Pagell and Shevchenko 2014). The Dell model can also get sustained competitive advantage through product diversification on computer printers, handheld computers and MP3 players. Direct selling strategy can provide the opportunity of direct communication with the customers. However, it often limits the sales volume and profitability of the organization having limited sales to direct customers. Therefore, the organization should adopt retail channels for enhancing its value delivery network. It will enhance the product accessibility of the Dell, which will actually enhance the sales and profit volume of (Dell Beske and Seuring 2014). Reference List Beske, P. and Seuring, S., 2014. Putting sustainability into supply chain management.Supply Chain Management: an international journal,19(3), pp.322-331. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J. and Seuring, S., 2014. Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), pp.299-312. Chou, C.J., Chen, C.W. and Conley, C., 2015. Creating Sustainable Value Through Service Offerings.Research-Technology Management,58(2), pp.48-55. Dell.com, D. 2017.Supply Chain. [online] Dell.com. Available at: https://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/cr-social-responsibility?s=corp [Accessed 2 Nov. 2017]. Gummesson, E., 2014. Productivity, quality and relationship marketing in service operations: A revisit in a new service paradigm.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(5), pp.656-662. Kauppinen-Risnen, H. and Grnroos, C., 2015. Are service marketing models really used in modern practice?.Journal of Service Management,26(3), pp.346-371. Kindstrm, D. and Kowalkowski, C., 2014. Service innovation in product-centric firms: A multidimensional business model perspective.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,29(2), pp.96-111. Lufthansa.com. 2017.Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.lufthansa.com/online/portal/lh/ca/homepage [Accessed 2 Nov. 2017]. Pagell, M. and Shevchenko, A., 2014. Why research in sustainable supply chain management should have no future.Journal of supply chain management,50(1), pp.44-55. Rapaccini, M., 2015. Pricing strategies of service offerings in manufacturing companies: a literature review and empirical investigation.Production Planning Control,26(14-15), pp.1247-1263. Sakao, T., Rnnbck, A.. and Sandstrm, G.., 2013. Uncovering benefits and risks of integrated product service offeringsUsing a case of technology encapsulation.Journal of systems science and systems engineering,22(4), pp.421-439. Seuring, S., 2013. A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), pp.1513-1520.

The History of Greek Theater Essay Example For Students

The History of Greek Theater Essay Theater and drama in Ancient Greece took form in about 5th century BCE, with the Sopocles, the great writer of tragedy. In his plays and those of the same genre, heroes and the ideals of life were depicted and glorified. It was believed that man should live for honor and fame, his action was courageous and glorious and his life would climax in a great and noble death. Originally, the heros recognition was created by selfish behaviors and little thought of service to others. As the Greeks grew toward city-states and colonization, it became the destiny and ambition of the hero to gain honor by serving his city. We will write a custom essay on The History of Greek Theater specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The second major characteristic of the early Greek world was the supernatural. The two worlds were not separate, as the gods lived in the same world as the men, and they interfered in the mens lives as they chose to. It was the gods who sent suffering and evil to men. In the plays of Sophocles, the gods brought about the heros downfall because of a tragic flaw in the character of the hero. In Greek tragedy, suffering brought knowledge of worldly matters and of the individual. Aristotle attempted to explain how an audience could observe tragic events and still have a pleasurable experience. Aristotle, by searching the works of writers of Greek tragedy, Aeschulus, Euripides and Sophocles whose Oedipus Rex he considered the finest of all Greek tragedies, arrived at his definition of tragedy. This explanation has a profound influence for more than twenty centuries on those writing tragedies, most significantly Shakespeare. Aristotles analysis of tragedy began with a description of the effect such a work had on the audience as acatharsis or purging of the emotions. He decided that catharsis was the purging of two specific emotions, pity and fear. The hero has made a mistake due to ignorance, not because of wickedness or corruption. Aristotle used the word hamartia, which is the tragic flaw or offense committed in ignorance. For example, Oedipus is ignorant of his true parentage when he commits his fatal deed. Oedipus Rex is one of the stories in a three-part myth called the Thebian cycle. The structure of most all Greek tragedies is similar to Oedipus Rex. Such plays are divided in to five parts, the prologue or introduction, the prados or entrance of the chorus, four episode or acts separates from one another by stasimons or choral odes, and exodos, the action after the last stasimon. These odes are lyric poetry, lines chanted or sung as the chorus moved rhythmically across the orchestra. The lines that accompanied the movement of the chorus in one direction were called strophe, the return movement was accompanied by lines called antistrophe. The choral ode might contain more than one strophe or antistrophe. Greek tragedy originated in honor of the god of wine, Dionysus, the patron god of tragedy. The performance took place in an open-air theater. The word tragedy is derived from the termtragedia or goat-song, named for the goat skins the chorus wore in the performance. The plots came from legends of the Heroic Age. Tragedy grew from a choral lyric, as Aristotle said, tragedy is largely based on lifes pity and splendor. Plays were performed at dramatic festivals, the two main ones being the Feast of the Winepress in January and the City Dionysia at the end of March. The Proceeding began with the procession of choruses and actors of the three competing poets. A herald then announced the poets names and the titles of their plays. On this day it was likely that the image of Dionysus was taken in a procession from his temple beside the theater to a point near the road he had once taken to reach Athens from the north, then it was brought back by torch light, amid a carnival celebration, to the theater itself, where his priest occupied the central seat of honor during the performances. On the first day of the festival there were contests between the choruses, five of men and five of boys. Each chorus consisted of fifty men or boys. On the next three days, a tragic tetralogy group made up of four pieces, a trilogy followed by a satyric drama was performed each morning. This is compared to the Elizabethan habit of following a tragedy with a jig. During the Peloponnesian Wars, this was followed by a comedy each afternoon. The Father of the drama was Thesis of Athens, 535 BC, who created the first actor. The actor performed in intervals between the dancing of the chorus and conversing at times with the leader of the chorus. .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .postImageUrl , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:hover , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:visited , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:active { border:0!important; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:active , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Development of the Novel EssayThe tragedy was further developed when new myths became part of the performance, changing the nature of the chorus to a group appropriate to the individual story. A second actor was added by Aeschylus and a third actor was added by Sophocles, and the number of the chorus was fixed at fifteen. The chorus part was gradually reduced, and the dialogue of the actors became increasingly important. The word chorus meant dance or dancing ground, which was how dance evolved into the drama. Members of the chorus were characters in the play who commented on the action. They drew the audience into the play and reflected the audiences reactions. The Greek plays were performed in open-air theaters. Nocturnal scenes were performed even in sunlight. The area in front of the stages was called the orchestra, the area in which the chorus moved and danced. There was no curtain and the play was presented as a whole with no act or scene divisions. There was a building at the back of the stage called a skene, which represented the front of a palace or temple. It contained a central doorway and two other stage entrances, one at the left and the other at the right, representing the country and the city. Sacrifices were performed at the altar of Dionysus, and the chorus performed in the orchestra, which surrounded the altar. The theatron, from where the word theater is derived, is where the audience sat, built on a hollowed-out hillside. Seated of honor, found in the front and center of the theatron, were for public officials and priests. he seating capacity of the theater was about 17,000. The audience of about 14,000 was lively, noisy, emotional and unrestrained. They ate, applauded, cheered, hissed, and kicked their wooden seats in disgust. Small riots were known to break out if the audience was dissatisfied. Women were allowed to be spectators of tragedy, and probably even comedy. Admission was free or nominal, and the poor were paid for by the state. The Attic dramatists, like the Elizabethans, had a public of all classes. Because of the size of the audience, the actors must also have been physically remote. The sense of remoteness may have been heightened by masked, statuesque figures of the actors whose acting depended largely on voice gestures and grouping. Since there were only three actors, the same men in the same play had to play double parts. At first, the dramatists themselves acted, like Shakespeare. Gradually, acting became professionalized. Simple scenery began with Sophocles, but changes of scene were rare and stage properties were also rare, such as an occasional altar, a tomb or an image of gods. Machinery was used for lightning or thunder or for lifting celestial persons from heaven and back, or for revealing the interior of the stage building. This was called deus ex machina, which means god from the machine, and was a technical device that used a metal crane on top of the skene building, which contained the dressing rooms, from which a dummy was suspended to represent a god. This device was first employed by Euripides to give a miraculous conclusion to a tragedy. In later romantic literature, this device was no longer used and the miracles supplied by it were replace by the sudden appearance of a rich uncle, the discovery or new wills, or of infants changed at birth. Many proprieties of the Greek plays were attached to violence. Therefore, it was a rule that acts of violence must take place off stage. This carried through to the Elizabethan theater which avoided the horrors of men being flayed alive or Glousters eyes being put out in full view of an audience King Lear. When Medea went inside the house to murder her children, the chorus was left outside, chanting in anguish, to represent the feelings the chorus had and could not act upon, because of their metaphysical existence. The use of music in the theater began very simply consisting of a single flute player that accompanied the chorus. Toward the close of the century, more complicated solo singing was developed by Euripides. There could-then be large-scale spectacular events, with stage crowds and chariots, particularly in plays by Aeschylus. Greek comedy was derived from two different sources, the more known being the choral element which included ceremonies to stimulate fertility at the festival of Dionysus or in ribald drunken revel in his honor. The term comedy is actually drawn from komos, meaning song of revelry. The second source of Greek comedy was that from the Sicilian mimes, who put on very rude performances where they would make satirical allusions to audience members as they ad-libbed their performances. In the beginning, comedy was frank, indecent and sexual. The plots were loosely and carelessly structured and included broad farce and buffoonery. .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .postImageUrl , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:hover , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:visited , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:active { border:0!important; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:active , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animation History and Forms EssayThe performers were coarse and obscene while using satire to depict important contemporary moral, social and political issues of Athenian life. The comedy included broad satire of well known persons of that time. Throughout the comedic period in Greece, there were three distinctive eras of comedies as the genre progressed. Old comedy, which lasted from approximately 450 to 400 BCE, was performed at the festivals of Dionysus following the tragedies. There would be contests between three poets, each exhibiting one comedy. Each comedy troupe would consist of one or two actors and a chorus of twenty-four. The actors wore masks and soccus, or sandals, and the chorus often wore fantastic costumes. Comedies were constructed in five parts, the prologue, where the leading character conceived the happy idea, the parodos or entrance of the chorus, the agon, a dramatized debate between the proponent and opponent of the happy idea where the opposition was always defeated, the parabasis, the coming forth of the chorus where they directly addressed the audience and aired the poets views on most any matter the poet felt like having expressed, and the episodes, where the happy idea was put into practical application. Aristotle highly criticized comedy, saying that it was just a ridiculous imitation of lower types of man with eminent faults emphasized for the audiences pleasure, such as a mask worn to show deformity, or for the man to do something like slip and fall on a banana peel. Aristophanes, a comic poet of the old comedy period, wrote comedies which came to represent old comedy, as his style was widely copied by other poets. In his most famous works, he used dramatic satire on some of the most famous philosophers and poets of the era. In The Frogs he ridiculed Euripides, and in The Clouds he mocked Socrates. His works followed all the basic principles of old comedy, but he added a facet of cleverness and depth in feeling to his lyrics, in an attempt to appeal to both the emotions and intellect of the audience. Middle comedy, which dominated from 400 to 336 BCE, was very transitional, having aspects of both old comedy and new comedy. It was more timid than old comedy, having many less sexual gestures and innuendoes. It was concerned less with people and politics, and more with myths and tragedies. The chorus began its fade into the background, becoming more of an interlude than the important component it used to be. Aristophanes wrote a few works in middle comedy, but the most famous writers of the time were Antiphanes of Athens and Alexis of Thurii, whose compositions have mostly been lost and only very few of their found works have been full extant plays. In new comedy which lasted from 336 to 250 BCE, satire is almost entirely replaced by social comedy involving the family and individual character development, and the themes of romantic love. A closely knit plot in new comedy was based on intrigue, identities, relationships or a combination of these. A subplot was often utilized as well. The characters in new comedy are very similar in each work, possibly including a father who is very miser like, a son who is mistreated but deserving, and other people with stereotypical personas. The chief writer of new comedy was Menander, and as with the prominent writers of the middle comedic era, most of his works have been lost, but other dramatists of the time period, like Terence and Platus, had imitated and adapted his methods. Menanders The Curmudgeon is the only complete extant play known by him to date, and it served as the basis for the later Latin writers to adapt. Adventure, brilliance, invention, romance and scenic effect, together with delightful lyrics and wisdom, were the gifts of the Greek theater. These conventions strongly affected subsequent plays and playwrights, having put forth influence on theater throughout the centuries.